| MTP type | Packed Red Blood Cells (PRBC) | Thawed Plasma (FFP) | Apheresis Platelets | Pre-pooled cryoprecipitate (cryo) |
| Adult (> 40 kg) | 6 (O pos) | 6 (A) | 1 | On pack #3 and every pack thereafter |
| Pediatric (10-40kg) | 6 (O pos) | 6 (a) | 1 | On pack #3 and every pack thereafter |
| Neonate/Infant (<10 kg) | 1 (O neg, irradiated) | 1 (irradiated) |
| **Type** | **Examples** |
| **Neurological** | Traumatic brain injury, intracranial hemorrhage, seizure/post-ictal, stroke, encephalopathy |
| **Infectious** | Meningitis, sepsis, urinary tract infection (elderly) |
| **Metabolic** | Electrolyte disturbance, hypoglycemia |
| **Respiratory** | Hypoxia |
| **Toxicological** | Environmental toxin, medication reaction, illicit drug use |
| **Endocrine** | Thyrotoxicosis, myxedema coma |
| **Other** | Hyper- or hypothermia, acute pain |
| ***Severity of Agitation*** | **Preferred Route of Administration** | **Dosing Considerations** | **Special Populations** |
| ***Severe*** | IV, when able IM, if IV not available | Maximize dose of first agent used, allowing for the onset and effects of the previous dose prior to administering second dose | Dosing adjustments may be required for elderly, renally/hepatically impaired, and/or when given medication(s) prior to arrival. Lower doses may be required when using concomitant sedating medications. |
| ***Moderate*** | IV, when able IM, if IV not available | Smaller doses may be sufficient (as compared to what is required for severe agitation) If able/known, use a patient’s home regimen when patients can tolerate oral therapy. | |
| ***Mild*** | PO | If able/known, use a patient’s home regimen when patients can tolerate oral therapy. |
| **Preferred** **Options** | **Medication** | **Dose** | **Soft Max** **(Single Dose)** | **Onset** | **Time to Peak** | **Duration** | **Patient Considerations** |
| Midazolam | 2-5 mg IV | 5 mg IV | IV: 1-5 min | IV: 3-5 min | IV: 1-2 hours | Hypotension with larger doses (IV). Delayed onset of action (IM). | |
| 5-10 mg IM | 10 mg IM | IM: 15 min | IM: 30-60 min | IM: 1-2 hours | |||
| Olanzapine | 2.5-5 mg IV | 5 mg IV | IV: 5-10 min | 15-45 min | 2 hours | Possible hypotension and respiratory depression with IV use. Caution when used with benzodiazepines due to risk of over-sedation. MAX 30 mg/24 hrs (Cumulative for all routes of administration) | |
| 10 mg IM | 10 mg IM | IM: 15 min | |||||
| Haloperidol | 5 mg IV/IM | 5 mg | IV: 3-20 min | IV: 30 min | 2-4 hours | Risk of EKG changes Can lower seizure threshold | |
| IM: 15 min | IM: 20-30 min | ||||||
| Dexmedetomidine | 0.1-0.7 mcg/kg/hr IV, titrate to response | MAX rate 0.7 mcg/kg/hr IV | 5-15 min | 60 min | 60-240 min (Dose dependent, after drip stopped) | **Restricted for Use in Non-Intubated Patients.** Only approved indication is refractory agitated delirium unresponsive to other pharmacologic agents or with contraindications to other pharmacologic agents. Only available with IV access. Can cause bradycardia. Bolus dosing **not** allowed outside of OR. Restricted to ED, ICU, and OR use only. |
| **Dose** | **Soft Max (Single Dose)** | **Onset** | **Time to Peak** | **Duration** |
| 0.5 mg/kg IV | 1 mg/kg | 30-60 sec | 5-10 min | 1-2 hours (recovery) |
| 2 mg/kg IM | 3 mg/kg IM | 3-4 min | 5-30 min | 3-4 hours (recovery) |
| ** ** | **Phase 1: ICU** | **Phase 2: Step-down or Floor** |
| **Neurological** | · Neuro assessments per unit protocol. · Additionally, a neuro assessment should be performed and documented by nursing after any transfer (to new bed, new room, any procedure, etc). · Provider should be immediately notified of any changes in neuro exam. | · Follow phase 1. |
| **Pain/Spasticity** ** ** | · Assess pain per unit protocol. · Initiate multimodal pain regimen. **Neuropathic Pain:** · Pregabalin 75mg po q12h (can increase to 150 mg q12h at one week if needed) (reduce dosage if creatinine clearance is < 60mL/min) OR · Gabapentin 300 mg po q8h; > 65 years, 100 mg q8h (max 3600mg/day) · Consult pharmacy for titration. Should be weaned off over 1-2 weeks before discontinuing. · Initiate medication soon after injury. **Spasticity:** · Baclofen 10mg PO TID (max 120mg/day). · If minimal response to Baclofen, start Dantrolene 25mg PO Q 24 hrs; may titrate every 7 days to max of 400mg/day. **Monitor LFTs weekly while actively titrating Dantrolene.** **Muscle Spasms:** · Carisoprodol 350 mg po q6h PRN OR · Cyclobenzaprine 10 mg po q8h PRN | ** ** |
| **Respiratory** ** ** | **All Patients:** · Monitoring: Continuous pulse oximetry & EtCO2 for 7-10 days in patients with high cord injury and/or risk of respiratory compromise. Assess neurological level of injury daily. · **For high cervical spine injuries (C6 and above): Consider daily ABG for 1-2 weeks post injury, with indications for escalation of respiratory support (including intubation) if PaO2 < 50 or PaCO2 > 50 on room air. ** · Consider monitoring with serial determination of the vital capacity, FEV1, the peak expiratory flow rate, the negative inspiratory force (NIF). If declining trend, order CXR and ABG with considerations as above. · Pts with weak cough, initiate manually assisted coughing (quad cough) Q 4 hrs. · Implement strict oral cares routine: every 2-4hrs and prn for intubated or unconscious patients; all other patients at minimum once per shift. **Non-Intubated:** · Incentive spirometry (IS) Q 1hr while awake. Nursing to document volume achieved. · If achieved IS volume < 50% predicted, consult Respiratory Therapy (RT) for lung volume expansion. RT Consult in all C spine and upper thoracic injuries- Pulmonary function test + possible addition of oscillatory positive expiratory pressure (OPEP), chest percussion therapy (CPT). Assisted Cough, IPV **Intubated:** · In adults: Implement adult ventilator management EPIC order set which includes VAP bundle and ventilator weaning protocol. · Assess need for respiratory suctioning frequently to avoid mucous plugging. · Consider higher tidal volumes (TV) of 10-15 cc/kg to resolve or prevent atelectasis, if no contraindications. · Consider early tracheostomy who are likely to remain ventilator dependent or to wean slowly from mechanical ventilation. (<7 days) · Consult Speech Therapy (ST) to start Passy Muir Valve (PMV) trials · If not unable to tolerate or inappropriate for PMV, consult ST for alternate communication methods. · Consider downsizing trach as early as possible. **Secretions:** · Consider bronchoscopy. · 3% saline nebulized Q 8 hrs. · Add Guaifenesin · Consult RT for possible addition of oscillatory positive expiratory pressure (OPEP), chest percussion therapy (CPT), cough assist, IPV | · Follow phase 1 non-intubated patient. **Trach:** · Consider larger TV (see phase 1 for parameters). · If remains on ventilator,** **continue weaning per protocol. · If not completed in phase 1, consult ST for PMV and/or alternate communication methods. **Secretions:** · Same as phase 1. · Discontinue therapies when secretions become thin. |
| **Cardiac** | · Vital signs per unit protocol. · Prevent and treat hypotension. **Hypotension:** · MAP Goal ≥ 80 x minimum 3-7 days (per Spine consult recommendations) from injury for ASIA A-D injuries. · Utilize Norepinephrine as first line agent. · Place arterial line for accurate hemodynamic monitoring. · Obtain central access if utilizing vasopressors. · If persistent vasopressor requirement > 3 days: Consider Midodrine 5 mg po q8h, titrate up to 40 mg/day. · Apply TED hose and /or ACE wraps to bilateral extremities when getting out of bed to chair, remove once back in bed. **Bradycardia:** · Assess for presence of mucus plugs (most common cause of acute bradycardia). · Order Atropine 0.5mg IV q1h prn for HR < 40 and have available at bedside. *If persistent symptoms of bradycardia:* · Start Robinul 0.1-0.2 mg IV or 1-2 mg po q8h to q12h. · Consider external or temporary pacemaker to maintain HR > 60. · If pacing required, consult cardiology. | **Hypotension:** · Must be weaned off vasopressors prior to transfer out of ICU. · Continue or initiate Midodrine doses from phase 1 if needed. · Monitor for need or wean dose as tolerates. · Continue TED hose and/or ACE wraps from phase 1 when out of bed. **Bradycardia:** · Follow phase 1. |
| **Gastrointestinal** | · Gastrointestinal assessment per unit protocol. Monitor for nausea, vomiting, signs and symptoms of an ileus. Monitor for incontinence. · Initiate bowel regimen on admission. · Nursing to notify provider if patient goes more than a day without BM **Stress Ulcer Prophylaxis:** · Initiate and continue while patient remains ventilated. · Discontinue once patient off ventilator and tolerating goal tube feeds or regular diet x 48 hrs. **Bowel Care (Prevent and Treat Constipation):** · Initial upper motor neuron (UMN) regimen: Colace 100 mg po tid, Senna 17.6 mg 8-12 hours prior to digital simulation (typically given at lunch for nighttime digital stimulation) and Dulcolax 10 mg per rectum given along with digital stimulation. · Lower motor neuron (LMN) and mixed UMN/LMN injury regimen: Metamucil and manual stool evacuation. · No large volume enemas scheduled or routine. · Once enteral feedings have begun, bowel care should be done consistently at the same time each day, regardless of involuntary stooling between scheduled bowel care. · Schedule Bowel Routine: Dulcolax suppository at the same time daily with digital/manual stimulation. Discontinue only if excessive diarrhea. · Digital/Manual stimulation: Position patient left side down. Always use lubricant for comfort and to prevent autonomic dysreflexia. Should be done with scheduled Dulcolax suppository. · No BM by 72 hrs of admission: Check for impaction by positioning left side down. No impaction then increase Dulcolax to Q 12 hrs and start Lactulose 20grams PO Q 12 hrs until first BM. **Diarrhea (liquid >500cc every Q 8 hrs or > 3 stools/day for 2 days):** · Hold bowel regimen. · Start Metamucil 1 packet PO Q 12 hrs · Start Nutrisource Fiber 1 packet TID PO prn. · Consider checking stool for C.Difficile Toxin. | · Follow phase 1. · Cervical level SCI requires 4 weeks of GI ppx |
| **Nutrition** ** ** | · Consult Speech Therapy for swallow evaluation prior to initiating any oral intake in any SCI patient with cervical spinal cord injury, prolonged intubation, tracheostomy, halo fixation, or after any cervical spine surgery. · Obtain feeding access and initiate enteral support within 48 hrs of injury if no evidence of ongoing shock or hypoperfusion and off IV vasopressors. · Nutrition consult for assessment of calorie and protein needs. Also to provide nutrition support recommendations. · Once full estimated needs are being consistently provided consider ordering indirect calorimetry and/or 24 hour urine urea nitrogen to determine adequacy of nutrition. · Order calorie count when transitioning patient off enteral nutrition to oral intake to assist with titration. · Obtain prealbumin, CBC, CMP, folate and vitamin B12 every Sunday. · Maintain normoglycemia. | · Follow phase 1 - continue current diet orders. · Nutrition to continue to monitor/intervene as per consult. · Transition to oral diet, if not on one, once patient passes ST swallow evaluation. |
| **Genitourinary** | · Genitourinary assessment per unit protocol. · Place indwelling catheter unless contraindicated, catheter cares per policy. · Remove indwelling catheter once patient is hemodynamically stable and no longer needs strict I&Os – then assess for volitional bladder control. For patients without volitional bladder control: · Once Foley is removed: STRICT q4h straight cath & 2L fluid restriction. · If volumes are consistently less than 400 mL, can stop fluid restriction and go to q6h straight cath schedule. · Nursing or OT to teach self-cath technique. · **Once patient is on the floor, closely follow ins/outs to ensure cath schedule is followed.** ** ** For patients with some volitional bladder control: · Check PVR after emptying bladder to assess need for above regimen. For all patients: · Outpatient urodynamic evaluation with Urology to be scheduled 3 months following injury. | · Follow phase 1. Work towards schedule for time straight caths. · Encourage moderate fluid intake spaced out throughout day to facilitate timed straight caths. |
| **Integumentary** ** ** | · Skin checks Q shift, pay close attention to bony prominences and under medical devices. · Give extra caution when assessing darker skin complexions as early signs of pressure injuries can go unnoticed. · If wound or skin concern identified, notify primary team and consult wound care per protocol. · Reposition pt at least every Q 2 hrs while maintaining spinal precautions (this includes all SCI pts –pre & post spine fixation, halo traction). · Position wedges above & below bony prominences to offload pressure. · Order and utilize TAPS turning system. · Patient with c-spine injury must be turned WITH wedges, not pillows to at 30+ degrees. Side lying preferred. · Sand beds for c-spine patients. Consider for high T-spine injury or patients with BUE weight bearing restrictions and consult with PT/OT. · Place on low air loss mattress. · Avoid friction, shearing, moisture and heat. Keep areas under patient clean and dry. · Implement pressure injury prevention skin bundle. · Consider placing Mepilex sacral dressing to coccyx/sacrum. · Order PRAFO and Prevalon boots. Alternating between the two Q 2 hrs. · Incision and drain wound care per orders. · Maintain normothermia. | · Follow phase 1. · Consider specialty bed for floor · Order ROHO or GeoMatt cushion for wheelchair, utilize any time pt out of bed in chair. |
| **Mobility & Rehab** | · Consult physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) for evaluate and treat. (should be seen within the first week, even if sedated/intubated) · Consult PM&R. · For cervical spine injuries, continue c-collar at all times. · Utilize brace, if ordered, when HOB > 30° and out of bed (confirm with neurosurgery). · Splinting should be considered for all patients at risk of contracture. · Let fingers flex passively and DO NOT overextend. This can cause loss stretch-induced paresis. · Sip and puff call light if pancake call light isn’t sufficient. Can consult OT for assistance with hydration system. · Consult SLP for communication needs (eye gaze system, etc.) · Early and aggressive mobilization. **Head of Bed:** · A gradual increase in HOB elevation, beginning at 15–30 degrees and advancing to 45 degrees or higher as tolerated, to promote upright tolerance and reduce the risk of orthostatic hypotension. · Unstable spinal injury requiring surgical fixation: Do not elevate HOB. Keep patient in reverse Trendelenburg unless contraindicated. · Stable fractures or post spinal fixation: HOB should remain elevated to at least 30° unless contraindicated. **Activity:** · Unstable spinal injury requiring surgical fixation, bedrest until fixation occurs. · Once spinal stabilization has occurred, discontinue bedrest order and place activity order. · Passive ROM should be performed daily for all major joints to prevent contractures. Active ROM when able. · Assess patient with the Bedside Mobility Assessment Tool before initiation of out of bed mobility. · Goal: Out of bed to chair or wheelchair Q 12 hrs once medical and spinal stability has been achieved. · For best practice, while in chair recline pt every 30 mins for 2 minutes or every 15 mins for 1 minute to achieve pressure relief then return to full upright position. · Consider utilizing ROHO or GeoMatt cushion when in chair or wheelchair. | · Follow phase 1, continue to increase activity as tolerates. · PT/OT to assess need for orthotics of UE/LE. |
| ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** ** **VTE Prophylaxis** ** ** | · Pneumatic compression +/- Graduated compression stockings- ASAP when no LE injury C/I. Order SCDs, to be worn while in bed or sitting. (Including children of all ages) · No routine DVT screening. · Consider IVC filter if delay in starting chemical prophylaxis; otherwise no routine IVC filter placement. **Chemical VTE prophylaxis** · **First line acute phase – Lovenox 30 mg BID. Recommendation against Heparin unless LMWH not available or contraindicated** Timing of initiation · Stable spinal injury requiring no surgical fixation: Initiate Lovenox 30mg BID 24 hr. after admission. · Unstable spinal injury requiring surgical fixation: Start DVT PPX 24 hrs. post injury, if no other C/I and there is delay in OR for spine fixation. Hold morning dose on the day of surgery. · Unstable spinal injury post spinal fixation: <48 hrs. (as early as 24 hrs. post is safe) after surgery initiate Lovenox 40mg Q daily for 5 or 7 days then can transition to Lovenox 30mg BID dosing. (Check with Surgeon) · For patients with renal dysfunction, utilize Heparin 8000u SQ Q 8hrs. · Continue chemical prophylaxis for at least 8 weeks post injury in patients with limited mobility. Consider longer duration in motor complete injuries, lower-extremity fractures, older age, previous VTE, cancer, and obesity · Rehab phase – LMWH preferred, other options warfarin (INR 2-3) or DOAC. · Chemical VTE prophylaxis should be held prior to drain removal post-surgical fixation. Neurosurgery or Ortho spine to place this hold order. | · Continue SCDs and chemical DVT prophylaxis. |
| **Psychosocial** | · Consult psychology. · Assess for depression. · Foster effective coping strategies. · Utilize assistive devices including specialty call lights and communication boards. · Identify, educate, and support family/caregivers. · For pediatric patients or patients with children or younger siblings consult child life. | · Follow phase 1. |
| **Discharge Planning ** | · Communicate early with care transitions to determine disposition options. · Consult social work to facilitate placement. | · Continue discharge planning. |
| **Education** | · Begin teaching family and/or family/caregiver cares early on in stay once patient medically stable. **Respiratory:** How to manually assist coughing. Trach – suctioning and trach cares. **Cardiac:** How to apply TED hose or ACE wraps prior to getting patient out of bed. **GI:** Importance of bowel care schedule and how to manually stimulate. **GU: **How to preform clean straight caths and catheter cares. **Integumentary:** Importance of maintaining skin integrity and frequent assessments of skin. **Autonomic Dysreflexia (typically develops a few months post-SCI):** Signs and symptoms, causes, prevention and treatment. | · Continue to follow phase 1. Reinforce education and practice. |
| Type I fracture | Open fracture with clean wound <1 cm long |
| Type II fracture | Open fracture with laceration >1 cm long without extensive soft tissue damage |
| Type III fracture | Open segmental fracture, open fracture with extensive soft tissue damage, or traumatic amputation |
| Preferred therapy | Severe cephalosporin allergy | Duration | |
| Type 1 and 2 Fracture | Cefazolin 2g q8h | Clindamycin 900mg q8h | 24 hours |
| Type 3 Fracture | Ceftriaxone 2g q24h | Levofloxacin 500mg IV q24h | 48 hours (or 24 hours after wound closure, whichever is shorter) |
| Type 3 Fracture contaminated with soil or fecal material | Ceftriaxone 2g q24h PLUS Metronidazole 500mg IV q8h | Levofloxacin 500mg IV q24h PLUS Metronidazole 500mg IV q8h | 48 hours (or 24 hours after wound closure, whichever is shorter) |
| Type 3 Fracture with standing water exposure | Piperacillin/tazobactam 4.5g q8h over 4hours | Penicillin Allergy: Levofloxacin 500mg IV q24h PLUS Metronidazole 500mg IV q8h | 48 hours (or 24 hours after wound closure, whichever is shorter) |
| Known MRSA colonization | Add Vancomycin 15 mg/kg q12h |
| Type I fracture | open fracture with clean wound <1cm long |
| Type II fracture | open fracture with laceration >1cm long without extensive soft tissue damage |
| Type III (A-D) fracture | open segmental fracture, open fracture with extensive soft tissue damage, or traumatic amputation. |
| ***Hypothermia *** | *** Body temperature*** | *** Clinical features*** | |
| **Mild** | 32.2°C to 36°C (90°F to 96.8°F) | ||
| Hypertension | |||
| Shivering | |||
| Tachycardia | |||
| Tachypnea | |||
| Vasoconstriction | |||
| Apathy | |||
| Ataxia | |||
| Cold diuresis—kidneys lose concentrating ability | |||
| Hypovolemia | |||
| Impaired judgment | |||
| **Moderate** | 28°C (82.4°F) to 32.2°C (90°F) | Atrial dysrhythmias | |
| Decreased heart rate | |||
| Decreased level of consciousness | |||
| Decreased respiratory rate | |||
| Dilated pupils | |||
| Diminished gag reflex | |||
| Extinction on shivering | |||
| Hyporeflexia | |||
| Hypotension | |||
| J wave | |||
| **Severe** | < 28°C (82.4°F) | ||
| Coma | |||
| Decreased or no activity on electroencephalography | |||
| Nonreactive pupils | |||
| Oliguria | |||
| Pulmonary edema | |||
| Ventricular dysrhythmias/asystole | |||
---
| Authorized: | Emily Cantrell, MD Pediatric Trauma Program Medical Director |
| Approved: | Lora Hofstetter, MSN, RN, CCRN, C-NPT Pediatric Trauma Program Manager |
| Low Risk | · Expected length of stay less than 48 hours · Patients in observation status · Patients no longer (or never) ill who are awaiting disposition · Ambulating cancer patient admitted for short stay chemo infusion · Ambulating patients not meeting criteria for **moderate or high risk** (trauma patients very rarely are in this group) |
| Moderate Risk | · Moderate/major surgery with impaired mobility · Moderate/major surgery with any VTE risk factor\* · Active cancer with acute medical illness, reduced mobility, or other VTE risk factors · Medical/surgical patient with reduce mobility and acute illness · Medical/surgical patient with prior history of VTE |
| High Risk | · Orthopedic joint/bone surgery in pelvis or lower extremity · Major orthopedic trauma · Surgery of abdominal or pelvic cancers · Critically ill patients in the ICU · Acute spinal cord injury with paresis · Craniotomy surgery · Spinal surgery for cancer or spinal fusion · Major Trauma victims (presence of >1 of following): o ISS>15 o GCS<9 for more than 4 hours o Lower extremity fractures o Multiple spine fractures o Major pelvic fracture o Multiple (>3) long bond fractures (>/= 1 in the lower extremity) o Spinal cord injury with paraplegia or quadriplegia o Laparotomy, thoracotomy, or laparoscopy o Co-morbid risk factors\* including prior history of DVT/PE, obesity, known sepsis, malignancy, hypercoagulable state, and pregnancy. |
| Nonmodifiable Risk Factors | Modifiable Risk Factors |
| Increased age | Restraints |
| Depressed GCS on arrival | Ventilator days |
| Increased blood product transfusion | Increased sedation |
| Multisystem organ failure | Infection/sepsis |
| Traumatic brain injury (TBI) | Indwelling urinary catheters/lines |
| History of substance abuse | Medications |
| Frailty | |
| Comorbidities (hypertension, dementia) | |
| Nutritional impairment |
| Medications known to be associated with increased delirium can include: | ||||||||||||||||
|
| **Pharmacologic Interventions for Delirium** | |||
| **Class/Drug** | **Suggested Use** | **Dosing** | **Adverse Effects** |
| *Typical Antipsychotic:* **Haloperidol **(Haldol) | Controlling acute severe agitation | 2.5-10 mg (usual dose 5 mg) IV/IM. May repeat Q15min (up to 20 mg) until calm achieved | Oversedation, QT prolongation, arrythmia, extrapyramidal symptoms, dopaminergic antagonism (avoid in Parkinsons), may lower seizure threshold |
| Controlling intermittent (or breakthrough) agitation | 2.5- 5 mg Q4H PRN agitation | ||
| *Atypical Antipsychotics:* | |||
| **Quetiapine** (Seroquel) | Maintaining control of agitation associated with hyperactive/ mixed delirium | Typical start: 50 mg PO/perFT Q8-12hr. If effect not achieved at 24 hours, may increase dose (max 400 mg/day). | Oversedation, QT prolongation (less than IV haloperidol), extrapyramidal symptoms (less than haloperidol) |
| **Olanzapine** (Zyprexa) | Typical start: 5 mg PO/perFT daily. If effect not achieved at 24 hours, may increase dose (max of 20 mg/day). | ||
| **Risperidone** (Risperdal) | Controlling acute agitation | 1-2 mg PO/per FT. May repeat dose in 1-2 hours, up to 6mg in 24 hours. | |
| *Central Alpha-2 Agonist:* **Dexmedetomidine** (Precedex) | Maintaining control of agitation associated with delirium | If intubated: 0.2-1.5 mcg/kg/hour continuous infusion If extubated: 0.2-0.7 mcg/kg/hour continuous infusion, order expires at 24-hours, must reassess and reorder if still indicated. | Restricted to ICU and SDCC. No bolus dosing allowed. Hypotension, bradycardia, withdrawal (if use prolonged) |
| *Benzodiazepine:* **Lorazepam** (Ativan) | Controlling severe acute agitation—not typically used as 1st line | 0.5-1 mg IV/PO/perFT, may repeat in 15 min | AVOID if able as BZDs causes/exacerbate delirium. Oversedation |
| Acceptable option for alcohol withdrawal, agitation in patient with chronic benzo use, agitation in Parkinson’s | 0.25-1 mg IV/PO/perFT Q4-6H PRN agitation | ||
| *Anticonvulsant:* **Valproic Acid** (Depakote) | For agitation refractory to other agents (ie adequate analgesia/ sedation, antipsychotics). May be especially useful when associated with substance withdrawal or untreated mood (ie bipolar) disorder | Typical start: 250 mg IV/PO/perFT Q8H. If effect not achieved at 24 hours, may increase by 250 mg increments. May use loading dose for acute control: 15 mg/kg (~ 1000 mg) | Hepatotoxicity, hyperammonemia, thrombocytopenia, drug interaction with carbapenems Safe therapeutic range: 50-125 mcg/mL |
| *Endogenous Hormone:* **Melatonin** | Consider if insomnia is contributing to delirium | 3 mg PO/perFT QHS, may increase to 9 mg | Daytime drowsiness, limited side effects |
| *SSRI:* **Trazodone** | Potentially useful if insomnia is contributing to delirium (2nd line) | 25-50 mg PO/perFT QHS | Daytime drowsiness, antihistamine effects, sensory distortion, sleep walking |
| **For all added medications for delirium/agitation:** · **Start at lowest (or a 50% reduced dose) in elderly (ie >65 yoa).** · **These medications are not for long-term use, reassess daily. Delirium often resolves/improves over several days and the agents should be weaned/discontinued if no longer indicated.** | |||
| **Law Enforcement Request** | **NM Staff Response** | |
| 1 | Staff safety/security concerns | Staff may always request law enforcement’s presence when concerned for their safety/security. |
| 2 | Requests for patient information, general rule | Ok to disclose patient information as permitted in this chart, by our policies (see policy IM12), or with written patient authorization (form CON MR 0074) |
| 3 | Patient condition | Ok to disclose one-word condition status without patient authorization: undetermined, good, fair, serious, or critical |
| 4 | Date of birth (DOB) | Ok to disclose if: • obtain patient permission, or • disclosure is permitted by our policies Some examples include: • mandatory child abuse reporting obligation • patient is crime victim and unable to authorize release of DOB and NM staff determines it’s appropriate to disclose • law enforcement states information is needed to identify suspect, fugitive, material witness, or missing person |
| 5 | Blood or urine test specimen/results | Do not provide test specimen or test results to law enforcement UNLESS: • Patient provides written authorization for disclosure, or • provided court order, subpoena, or warrant • forward document to HIM for processing • contact Risk or Legal with urgent requests that can’t wait for HIM Note: may take specimen for forensic testing purposes only if: • obtain written patient consent for testing; or • presented valid search warrant; or • law enforcement officer provides signed attestation that exigent circumstances exist (see “Alternative to Consent” section of “Consent to Blood Draw or Urine Specimen Collection for Law Enforcement Purposes – Law Enforcement Kit Version”) See policies ESD 06.005 (BMC) and PC 18 (TNMC). |
| 6 | Notify law enforcement when patient is discharged | Ok if provided court order that requires such notification or patient is in police custody. Otherwise, decline to provide this notification. See policy LD-12. |
| 7 | Forms • Court order • Subpoena • Warrant | Ok to provide information specifically referenced in any of these documents. Forward document to HIM for processing. If urgent request that can’t wait for HIM, Nebraska Medicine staff may contact Risk (consult Web On Call or hospital operator to reach on-call Risk staff) or Legal with any questions. |
| 8 | Victims of Crime | If patient is victim of crime and unable to authorize disclosure because incapacitated or there are other emergency circumstances, NM staff may disclose patient info to law enforcement if law enforcement: • states information is needed to determine whether someone other than patient violated law, • confirms information is not intended to be used against victim, • states there is immediate law enforcement activity that depends on disclosure and it would be materially and adversely impacted by waiting until patient is able to agree to disclosure, and • NM staff determines disclosure is in the best interests of the patient. |
| 9 | Identification of: • suspect • fugitive • material witness • missing person | Ok to disclose only the following information if requested by law enforcement to identify suspect, fugitive, material witness, or missing person: • name and address • date and place of birth • SSN • ABO blood type and rh factor • type of injury • date and time of treatment • date and time of death, if applicable • a description of distinguishing physical characteristics, including: height, weight, gender, race, hair and eye color, presence or absence of facial hair (beard or moustache), scars and tattoos |
| 10 | Interviews Patient is in police custody | Ok for law enforcement officer to be present/ask patient questions UNLESS presence would impede staff’s ability to provide patient care or compromise sterilization/infection control procedures |
| 11 | Interviews Patient is not in police custody | Ok for law enforcement officer to be present/ask patient questions IF patient agrees and presence would not impede staff’s ability to provide patient care or compromise sterilization/infection control |
| 12 | Visitation restrictions Patient is in police custody | Ok to restrict visitor access per law enforcement officer’s direction. |
| 13 | Visitation restrictions Patient is not in police custody | Ok to grant law enforcement officer’s request to speak with patient before visitors are allowed to visit patient in two situations: 1\. patient agrees to request and honoring request does not impede patient care or compromise sterilization/infection control 2\. law enforcement officer states request is necessary to avoid serious threat to patient’s health or safety (e.g., to confirm family/visitor did not cause patient’s injuries) and honoring request does not impede patient care or compromise sterilization/infection control If meet either exception, visitor restrictions should be limited to shortest time possible (e.g., unless a danger to child, a parent should be able to see child before child undergoes emergency surgery). If don’t meet either exception, follow regular NM visitor policy. |
| 14 | Wounds of Violence (excluding sexual assault) | If NM staff suspect patient injury caused by crime (excluding sexual assault), must report to law enforcement: victim’s name, description of victim’s physical injury, and, if ascertainable, victim’s residential address and location of offense. See policy PE 03. |
| 15 | Sexual assault | If patient was 18+ years at time of sexual assault and provides written consent or patient is suffering from serious bodily injury or any bodily injury caused by deadly weapon, which appears to have been received in connection with or as a result of sexual assault, must report following to law enforcement: victim’s name, description of victim’s physical injury, and, if ascertainable, victim’s residential address and location of the offense. |
| 16 | Child Abuse or Neglect | For suspected child abuse or neglect, see the following policies for related reporting obligations and permitted disclosures: • PE 03 (Reporting of Abuse, Neglect or Injury) • SH21 (Infant Drug Testing Guidelines for Providers) • AD48 (Drug Testing Guidelines for Providers: Pregnant and Postpartum Patients) |